One of the most important poets of our time was Claude McKay in Sunny Ville, Jamaica, British West Indies Born 15 September 1889, the youngest of eleven children of his parents in Jamaica Bauer, Thomas Francis and Ann Elizabeth (Edwards) McKay. McKay family was rich enough to receive floor fathers.He the bride and groom. is best known for his much-quoted sonnet: "If people are going to die," which was during the Second World War by British Prime Minister SirWinston Churchill.
He grew up in Sunny Ville, Clarendon Hills parish by a compassionate mother and a strict father, his children much about customs and traditions of the Ashanti of Ghana, where he was cheered by his poetry shows he spent his undying love for roots and a deep affection for the Clarendon, where he was born and raised. This yearning for Jamaica was still clearly in his later poems and abroad.
His early poetry dialect refers to the nostalgicClarendon Hills. His father, Thomas McKay, has always had with her children the history of slavery of his father tried to awaken in them the suspicion that the white man would become particularly evident in the writings submitted by his son. McKay deep respect for the feeling of community experienced among farmers and rural Jamaican attitude a bit 'skeptical towards religion by his older brother, a teacher, encouraged an indelible impression on his literaryto work.
McKay was one of seventeen through the sponsorship of the Government in the doctrine of a carpenter in Town Brown. At nineteen years, then moved to Kingston, the capital, joined the police, where her sweetness was his first big shock. To celebrate West Indian policemen then more for their muscles, the brain, as expected, that the honor and every hour during entered on the beat.
The police were not therefore the best place for someone like McKay, thewas always excited by the human suffering. Two books of poetry from him, which he published in 1912 were largely from his experience as the police, who found together with urban life in general, to alienate. He felt discomfort located between the elite and the masses of poor urban Jamaica. Many of the concerns that many of his later work, as the opposition of city and country, the problems of exile, and the relationship of intellectuals blacks have occupied theirordinary people first appearance in these poems.
His collection of dialect poems, the second verse Constab Ballads record just such experiences. Her first book of poems Song of Jamaica has been written, just to relieve his bitter feelings of guilt, while in power. Keeps silent reprimand those responsible for social injustices to his people. To relieve his feelings, he looked for saving features in dark areas of the image to write. His gentle nature led him to his people's suffering and compassionProtest against them. Was forced to celebrate their happiness and relieve the other positive qualities. Their interest and vitality of a people for their cheerfulness and good humor that enriches vibrates daunting, despite the conditions.
His sympathy for criminals, often referred to as the victim of an unjust colonial order, could not allow a policeman to work over a year. During the next two years back in ClarendonParish was encouraged to write poems Jamaican dialect by Walter Jekyll, an English collector of folk art of the island, which McKay had established a close relationship. Jekyll had introduced English poets such as Milton and Pope.
In 1912 McKay published two books of poems, songs and ballads of Jamaica Constab. Songs of Jamaica to celebrate with an introduction and melodies of a Jekyll and unpretentious simplicity of Jamaican farmers, which are closely related to theirSoil. Constab suffered centers Ballads Kingston and contempt and exploitation of it by the dark-skinned blacks in the hands of whites and mulattos. These books McKay was the first black to medal Jamaican Institute of Arts and Sciences, with a substantial cash prize, which use it for his education at Booker T. Washington 's Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to receive the funds, the United States.
Seemed to regret was later, with "agent of the colonial periodIn the most brutal oppression. "In both works McKay made full use of the Jamaican language, a dialect of English.
As in 1912, McKay left Jamaica for the United States, it was inevitable that this will lead to an outbreak of Negro verse from his pen. Because here was a man with a sense of racial pride, he saw his suffering people in Jamaica and had fled to transform a country evergreen with lush palm trees waving to the power of sustained winds in search of more tropicalOpportunities in an open world.
And he goes to America to meet the Negro unimaginable suffering. But instead of returning to life less demanding of Jamaica, he felt a compulsion to stay and join the fight because it was already linked with American blacks in slavery. And no wonder. For McKay's early years in New York were a time of increasing racial bitterness, freezing in the south. Negro disillusionment with Booker T. Washington and a consequent adjustment ofNegro attitude, the increase of white hysteria and violence that was even harder after the war they had fought, and the defense of democracy and the rise of Garveyism and enmity between Garvey and the NAACP and others - all these factors combined to make the Negro Renaissance, of which McKay has become an integral part.
McKay, however, maintained for a long time, a sober reaction to his new environment and disturbing. DeterminedDignity of his vocation as a poet, has refused to allow the quality of its response as a poet, are deformed. He also refused to allow his ambitions and the quality of a person, are destroyed. His verses were male line with the atmosphere prevailing then those first years in America were very important years for the cause of the Black. But the virility of his verse is easier relies bitterness. It includes and depends on a certain resilience - or stubborn humanity traceableMcKay's ability to respond not only suffer Negro as a Negro, but as a human being. Because, as he points out, the writer must always keep in mind the capability of larger and basic humanity as a man to receive.
Would avoid stunting his emotional growth and its status as a person. By identifying with their race, a writer, the largest and most significant identification on the basis of his humanity, and thus qualifies him for "going to handle racial"Material.
"If we must die" immediately gained popularity among African Americans, but the tone of criticism was nigger excuse. To give them a poem that seemed to express a deeply rooted instinct of self only a daring insolence. S Braithwaite William McKay denounced those described as the dean of Negro critique him as "violent and angry, with his poetic gifts propaganda [] arrogant and provocative thinking of dressing." While another student described him as "rebelliousand verbal abuse. "
McKay leaves gaps and weaknesses in respectable Negro opinion and criticism. This in turn leads to distortions and evasions in their presentation and interpretation of social realities inform the texts.
This apparent ambivalence about its love-hate relationship with America led. Have no illusions about America and his experience of blacks, could at the same time they pay their tribute deserves reflectionboth its attractiveness and its bitter despair. He still suffers as a test required for its resistance. In this tribute, which pays wins with its successful resistance against the threat of corrosion intellectual America's 'hate' is threatening to start him. He was able to stand within her walls with not a piece / of terror, malice, not a word of fear. " Or, as in "Through Agony", he refuses to deal with hate hate. McKay continued his admiration for America, despite the pain,it causes.
McKay sees not only the violence done to his people, but what white people inflict on themselves, as well. McKay is touched by poverty in "The Castaway, when, standing in a beautiful park, did not draw the obvious joys of nature, but from the" sinking of the Earth, the lonely and fall, and changes in poverty. And clear, MOT and no matter if they are black or white. In "Rest in Peace," his soft heart responds to the suffering of his people, asHe died in farewell to a friend.
McKay meets the America's challenges as a person and poet. He meets the challenge of hatred America has for his humanity and his strength, throws back his challenge to the forces of hate "America." As a poet and a man who imposing self-discipline, his pain, that dignity with which his verses are sometimes in protest of racial protest and human.
McKay poem certainly reflects another aspect of the reaction Negro. ThisResponse is a new awareness of the African context, the following Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa appeal. Negro intellectual poetry was so close to Africa spiritually. Garvey's call for religion in a sophisticated black lines in parallel, so was his insistence on glories of the black race. So the new Negro pride promoted in beauty and in fact all black, ideas, and share that sometimes in verse rather indifferent romanticizing Africa. McKaythe same in poems like "Harlem Shadows".
When McKay arrived in America, joined Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, with the intent to study agriculture interrupted his studies at the Tuskegee Institute, after only two months, was from frustration. He enrolled at Kansas State College, where he remained until 1914. Then, two years after he ended his career as a writer. Then he went to New York where he landed in Harlem as Hughes. Even if you are familiar with the literatureScene in New York, supported as a waiter and a doorman from 1915 to 1918 His first breakthrough came in 1917 when Waldo Frank, a radical jew writer and art critic, has published two of his sonnets, "The Harlem Dancer "and" Invocation "in the December issue of The Seven Arts, a highly respected avant-garde magazine.
Between 1918 and 1919, McKay went abroad in England and has lived in London for over a year. There, spring in New Hampshire and other poems compiled(1920). In 1919, on his return to New York City, McKay joined the staff of Liberator magazine as associate editor and continued in that position until 1922, a period which was then editor Max Eastman. In 1922, McKay's Harlem Shadows, a work of poetry as a cornerstone of the Harlem Renaissance.
Short story writer Frank Harris, published in several poems by McKay Pearson looks like a big impression on young poets. In contrast to the later black writers,McKay is not primarily to magazines such as crisis and opportunity as an outlet for his poetry. Although occasionally black newspapers, wrote his literary relations were mostly white publications, particularly magazines left in Greenwich Village. In fact, Max Eastman, dean of the literary Left in the twentieth century, McKay has published "The White dominant" in the April 1919 edition of the Liberator and the nine other of his poemsin the July issue. McKay also served as Eastman editorial review essays, reviews and poems. Made friends with the famous white American poet Edward Arlington Robinson.
In 1919 he met George Bernard Shaw, playwright during a visit to England. GK Ogden McKay including nearly two dozen poems in the summer 1920 edition of the Cambridge Magazine. IA Richards, one the greatest English literary critic of the twentieth century, wrote the preface forMcKay's third book of poems, Spring in New Hampshire. According to Richards McKay was the best works produced in the UK then.
After his return to the U.S. to continue working McKay and support for a range of publications including those of his fellow Jamaican, Marcus Garvey, Negro World. Next year, 1922, published his most important collection of poems, Harlem Shadows, practically the opening of the Harlem Renaissance. The book was a means by which hecould place the militant "If we die," in a book. This sonnet of racial violence that broke America in 1919, interpreted as a war cry from black radicals then served as one of the unofficial event inspired cries of Allied forces in World War II, especially after he has found in an emotional speech praying the House of Commons in response to the threat of invasion by Nazi Germany during World War II. Harlem Shadows marked a point of no return for several literaryThe numbers in Harlem, who saw McKay masterful handling issues of race that tests knowledge of a black writer on matters of race was part of more than on an occasional basis as a suitable subject for poetry.
The same year, McKay was in the USSR. actively for social justice in motion, McKay became a communist, believe that communism has given her cause of greater hope. In 1923, addressed to Moscow McKay Fourth Congress of the Communist International, as a poet blackSympathy for the lead Soviet Union. He achieved instant popularity among the proletariat and the Communist Party of Soviet officials. It 'was he who introduced the Soviet leadership, and had his poem "May Day" Petrograd 1923 "published in translation in Pravda. However, alarmed by the rigid ideological demands of the Communist Party of artistic productions, and perhaps a little 'tired, as first and present with his political artPropaganda.
McKay traveled extensively abroad. After visits to Berlin and Paris, he settled in France for a decade. He remained in contact with the expatriate community of American writers.
While in France, his first novel, When Harlem was produced in 1928 and work was started on his second banjo. This latest novel was completed during his travels in Spain and Morocco in 1929.
studied in these two novels of 1920, McKay, as the concepts of race and classworked in a world dominated by capitalism and colonialism, and how open and rural black communities can be reconciled.
Home to Harlem. The first novel by a best-selling literature of African-American who won the Gold Award for Harmon has been reprinted five times in two months. E 'was more than any other commercially successful novel by an African-American author on this point. A consuming curiosity fulfilled with the Americans for information on nightlife andLowlife Harlem. The novel explores two characters that literally take the reader on a tour of Harlem. Jake, dock workers African Americans, a hedonist and a veteran of World War II who deserted the army and returns to his beloved Harlem, where he falls for a prostitute after secretly loves and gives the money he paid her.
Jake with us to Ray, a Haitian immigrant intellectual set who worries constantly and feels isolated from AfricanAmerican community because of his European education. Envied said Jake, who is spontaneous and direct. What Ray interfere with his desire to be a writer with his joie de vivre. The rear of WEB Du Bois was in denouncing the presentation of corrosive McKay Harlem, said that the Book of disgust "for the most part myself, and after most of its dirty dirt, I feel distinctly like taking a bath." In response, McKay accused Du Bois, who make the distinction right"Among the task of propaganda and the work of art."
Ray will return in Banjo with another "natural black, African-American musicians Lincoln Agrippa Daily. Located in the old French port of Marseille, this second novel by McKay has a group of sailors and navigation Drifters port black Africa. How in its first, McKay articulates the need for intellectual exile black black ordinary people on his return.
McKay's third novel, Banana Bottom viewsgenerally regarded as his best performance imagery takes the theme of two earlier novels further. Also shows a black person in white Western culture comparison between two opposing value systems - the Anglo-Saxon civilization versus Jamaican popular culture. It tells the story of a Jamaican country girl, Bita Plant, who is rescued by white missionaries after she had been raped. In the shelter with his new patron, will be forced to their prisoners with all their cultural valuesthey and their introduction into their Christian education organizations.
All this culminates in a misguided attempt to arrange her marriage to an aspiring priest. But Bita eludes him as he tried to rape her. But later the memory of overcoming rape, it goes to the people in his hometown of Jubilee, where he finally finds happiness - true. It concludes with the rejection of European culture and the Jamaican elite, the choice for people to join agriculture. This novel is notmake a big impression then the reading public.
After twelve years of wandering through Europe and North Africa, McKay returned to Harlem. Three years later, in 1937 he finished his autobiography, A Long Way From Home, in a vain attempt to strengthen its financial structure and literary. His interest in Roman Catholicism, which increases significantly in 1940, after his rejection of communism and the church officially in 1944. Although he wrote a lot of new poetry then,publish failed, a failure is responsible for the Communist Party USA made). His latest work, Selected Poems (1953) was published posthumously.
From 1932 until his death in Chicago in 1948, McKay left the United States. His interest in communism reduced to Sister Mary Anthony had taken something of the spirit of the Catholic Apostolate. It gradually came to himself to realize that Catholicism in the hope of the race, was yes, of all races. Receivedchurch in Chicago in October 1944 by Bishop Bernard Sheil and is now on the staff of Bishop Sheil school in this city.
Until the mid-1940s, McKay health deteriorated, and had for several durable disease, died of a heart attack in Chicago in 1948.
McKay's work as a poet, novelist, essayist, and was seen by many as harbingers of some of the most significant moments in African-American culture. His poetry protest was seen by many as the first example of "NewNegro "spirit. His novels were sophisticated reflection on the problems and possibilities of pan-Africanism, the end of the colonial era, influencing writers of African descent throughout the world. His first poems in dialect and his set are fiction Jamaica Jamaica now seen as vital to the development literature, a Jamaican citizen.
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